Estudio y análisis de un circuito de monitoreo de carga residual para prótesis epirretinal

La retina es un tejido del ojo que se encarga de convertir la luz incidente en pulsos eléctricos para luego ser enviados al cerebro. Las células encargadas de dicha conversión son las células fotorreceptoras, estas hacen posible la visión. La prótesis de retina se encarga de reemplazar la función que realizaban las células fotorreceptoras al recrear la sensación de visión por medio de la estimulación de las células neuronales sanas restantes en la retina por medio del envío de pulsos bifásicos a través de un arreglo de electrodos. No obstante, una de las grandes preocupaciones en cuanto a la estimulación de la prótesis de retina, es que cualquier exceso de acumulación de carga que supere los límites de seguridad tolerables puede causar daño a la retina. A raíz de lo anterior mencionado, se procedió al estudio de un circuito cuyo objetivo es balancear la carga residual existente de forma controlada. Asimismo, se realizó un análisis de cada etapa del circuito: comparadores dinámicos, latch SR, parte de lógica y la etapa de compensación y se definió la estructura del circuito de seguridad. Por último, gracias a la herramienta Analog Design Environment de CADENCE se realizó simulaciones comprobando la funcionalidad de la solución planteada al dimensionar correctamente los transistores y definir una correcta corriente de compensación. Así pues, se obtuvo un circuito capaz de monitorear y corregir la carga del electrodo cuando ésta sale de los límites de seguridad y que presenta una baja disipación de potencia.Tesi

A Reanalysis of the Ancient Mitochondrial DNA Sequences Recovered from Neandertal Bones

Recent reports analyzing mitochondrial DNA sequences from Neandertal bones have claimed that Neandertals and modern humans are different species. The phylogenetic analyses carried out in these articles did not take into account the high substitution rate variation among sites observed in the human mitochondrial D-loop region and also lack an estimation of the parameters of the nucleotide substitution model. The separate phylogenetic position of Neandertals is not supported when these factors are considered. Our analysis shows that Neandertal-Human and Human-Human pairwise distance distributions overlap more than what previous studies suggested. We also show that the most ancient Neandertal HVI region is the most divergent when compared with modern human sequences. However, the opposite would be expected if the sequence had not been modified since the death of the specimen. Such incongruence is discussed in the light of diagenetic modifications in ancient Neandertal DNA sequences.Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica de España (DGICYT). BIO-1999- 065-C02-0

The Spanish social tariff and renewable energy cooperatives: situation and perspectives

Las tarifas sociales son, junto con la transferencia de rentas y las medidas de eficiencia energética, uno de los instrumentos para paliar la pobreza energética. A la tarifa social española, creada en el año 2009 se le denomina “bono social”.Para acceder al bono social, aparte de cumplir los requisitos socioeconómicos estipulados por ley, hay que tener contratada la electricidad con alguna comercializadora de referencia, las cuales tienen la obligación de ofrecer el bono social.Las cooperativas energéticas verdes, un fenómeno reciente, al no ser comercializadoras de referencia, no están obligadas a ofrecer el bono social. Esto no quiere decir que entre los socios de estas cooperativas no haya personas vulnerables o en riesgo de pobreza energética.Este trabajo centra su análisis en dos objetivos. El primero es trazar el perfil socioeconómico del socio de las cooperativas verdes. El segundo es observar si estos socios tienen derecho al bono social actual, así como a otras tarifas sociales alternativas con requisitos diferentes a los del bono social.Para ello, se realiza una encuesta a los socios de la mayor cooperativa energética verde de España. Los resultados evidencian que sí existe riesgo de pobreza energética entre los socios de las cooperativas energéticas verdes, si bien su incidencia depende de cómo se defina al consumidor vulnerable.Social tariffs are, along with transfer payments and energy efficiency measures, an instrument to alleviate energy poverty. The name of the Spanish social tariff is “bono social”, and it was established in 2009. To qualify for bono social, the electricity consumer should meet any of the socioeconomic requirements stipulated by law and contract the electricity supply with a “comercializadora de referencia”, companies that are required to offer the bono social by law.Renewable energy cooperatives, a recent phenomenon in Spain, are not comercializadoras de referencia, so they are not obliged to offer the bono social. This does not mean there are no cooperative members at risk of energy poverty or vulnerable consumers.This study has two objectives. The first is to sketch the socioeconomic profile of members of the renewable energy cooperatives. The second is to analyze if these members are entitled to the bono social, or would be to other subsidized prices with different requirements to those of the bono social.For this purpose, we conducted a survey to members of the largest renewable energy cooperative in Spain, Som Energia. The results show that the members of renewable energy cooperatives are exposed to energy poverty risk, although its reach depends on the definition of vulnerable consumer

El bono social y las cooperativas energéticas verdes: situación y perspectivas

Las tarifas sociales son, junto con la transferencia de rentas y las medidas de eficiencia energética, uno de los instrumentos para paliar la pobreza energética. A la tarifa social española, creada en el año 2009 se le denomina “bono social”. Para acceder al bono social, aparte de cumplir los requisitos socioeconómicos estipulados por ley, hay que tener contratada la electricidad con alguna comercializadora de referencia, las cuales tienen la obligación de ofrecer el bono social. Las cooperativas energéticas verdes, un fenómeno reciente, al no ser comercializadoras de referencia, no están obligadas a ofrecer el bono social. Esto no quiere decir que entre los socios de estas cooperativas no haya personas vulnerables o en riesgo de pobreza energética. Este trabajo centra su análisis en dos objetivos. El primero es trazar el perfil socioeconómico del socio de las cooperativas verdes. El segundo es observar si estos socios tienen derecho al bono social actual, así como a otras tarifas sociales alternativas con requisitos diferentes a los del bono social. Para ello, se realiza una encuesta a los socios de la mayor cooperativa energética verde de España. Los resultados evidencian que sí existe riesgo de pobreza energética entre los socios de las cooperativas energéticas verdes, si bien su incidencia depende de cómo se defina al consumidor vulnerable

Soil moisture content determines the effectiveness of the urease inhibitor NBPT on N2O emissions

Among the mitigation strategies to prevent nitrogen (N) losses from ureic fertilizers, urease inhibitors (UIs) have been demonstrated to promote high N use efficiency by reducing ammonia (NH3) volatilization. In the last few years, some field experiments have also shown its effectiveness in reducing nitrous oxide (N2O) losses from fertilized soils under conditions of low soil moisture. An incubation experiment was carried out with the aim of assessing the main biotic mechanisms behind N2O emissions once that the UIs N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamid (NBPT) and phenil phosphorodiamidate (PPDA) were applied with Urea (U) under different soil moisture conditions (40, 60 and 80 % water-filled pore space, WFPS). In the same study we tried to analyze to what extent soil WFPS regulates the effect of these inhibitors on N2O emissions. The use of PPDA in our study allowed us to compare the effect of NBPT with that of another commercially available urease inhibitor, aiming to see if the results were inhibitor-specific or not. Based on the results from this experiment, a WFPS (i.e. 60 %) was chosen for a second study (i.e. mesocosm experiment) aiming to assess the efficiency of the UIs to indirectly affect N2O emissions through influencing the pool of soil mineral N. The N2O emissions at 40 % WFPS were almost negligible, being significantly lower from all fertilized treatments than that produced at 60 and 80 % WFPS. When compared to U alone, NBPT+U reduced the N2O emissions at 60 % WFPS but had no effect at 80 % WFPS. The application of PPDA significantly increased the emissions with respect to U at 80 % WFPS whereas no significant effect was found at 60 %. At 80 % WFPS, denitrification was the main source of N2O emissions for all treatments. In the mesocosm study, the application of NBPT+U was an effective strategy to reduce N2O emissions (75 % reduction compared to U alone), due to a lower soil ammonium (NH4 +) content induced by the inhibitor. These results suggest that adequate management of the UI NBPT could provide, under certain soil conditions, an opportunity for mitigation of N2O emissions from fertilized soils

Analysis of the Part Distortions for Inconel 718 SLM: A Case Study on the NIST Test Artifact

The present paper evaluates the misalignment and geometry distortion of the standard National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) test artifact in Inconel 718 alloy, when several layers with and without supports are employed to manufacture it by the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) process. To this end, a coordinate-measuring machine (CMM) is used to measure the geometrical distortion in each manufacturing configuration, following the same measurement protocol. The results show that the laser path strategy favors a thermal gradient which, consequently, induces geometrical distortions in the part. To prove this hypothesis, a numerical simulation is performed to determine the thermal gradient and the pattern of the residual stresses. It was found that the geometrical distortion certainly depends on the position of the feature position and laser strategy, where thermal cycles and residual thermal stresses had an impact in the end-part geometry, especially if a high strength-to-weight ratio commonly used in aeronautics is present.This work is supported by the Serra Húnter program (Generalitat de Catalunya) reference number [UPC-LE-304 (2018)] and by the Aeronautics Advanced Manufacturing Center (CFAA) in the JANO—Joint action toward digital transformation project framework. Diego Celentano acknowledges Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (PUC), Wallonie-Bruxelles International (WBI) and National Council for Scientific and Technological Research CONICYT (FONDECYT Projects No. 3180006 and 1180591) for the financial supports provided for this work

Management of irrigation frequency and nitrogen fertilization to mitigate GHG and NO emissions from drip-fertigated crops

Drip irrigation combined with split application of fertilizer nitrogen (N) dissolved in the irrigation water (i.e. drip fertigation) is commonly considered best management practice for water and nutrient efficiency. As a consequence, its use is becoming widespread. Some of the main factors (water-filled pore space, NH4+ and NO3−) regulating the emissions of greenhouse gases (i.e. N2O, CO2 and CH4) and NO from agroecosystems can easily be manipulated by drip fertigation without yield penalties. In this study, we tested management options to reduce these emissions in a field experiment with a melon (Cucumis melo L.) crop. Treatments included drip irrigation frequency (weekly/daily) and type of N fertilizer (urea/calcium nitrate) applied by fertigation. Crop yield, environmental parameters, soil mineral N concentrations and fluxes of N2O, NO, CH4 and CO2 were measured during 85 days. Fertigation with urea instead of calcium nitrate increased N2O and NO emissions by a factor of 2.4 and 2.9, respectively (P < 0.005). Daily irrigation reduced NO emissions by 42% (P < 0.005) but increased CO2 emissions by 21% (P < 0.05) compared with weekly irrigation. We found no relation between irrigation frequency and N2O emissions. Based on yield-scaled Global Warming Potential as well as NO cumulative emissions, we conclude that weekly fertigation with a NO3−-based fertilizer is the best option to combine agronomic productivity with environmental sustainability. Our study shows that adequate management of drip fertigation, while contributing to the attainment of water and food security, may provide an opportunity for climate change mitigation

Adherence and long-term outcomes of growth hormone therapy with easypod™ in pediatric subjects: Spanish ECOS study

E-health; Easypod; Electronic deviceE-salut; Easypod; Dispositiu electrònicE-salud; Easypod; Dispositivo electrónicoBackground: Non-adherence to r-hGH treatments occurs in a variable percentage of subjects. One problem found when evaluating adherence is the great variability in methods of detection and definitions utilized in studies. This study assessed the level of adherence in subjects receiving r-hGH with the easypod™ electronic device. Methods: National, multicenter, prospective and observational study involving 238 subjects (144 with GH deficiency (GHD), and 86 with small for gestational age (SGA), 8 with Turner Syndrome), who received r-hGH with easypod™ for at least 3 months before inclusion. The follow-up period was 4 years. Results: Overall adherence was 94.5%; 97.5% after 6 months, 95.3% after 1 year, 93.7% after 2, 94.4% after 3 and 95.5% after 4 years of treatment. No differences in adherence were observed between prepubertal and pubertal groups and GHD and SGA groups. Change in height after 1 and 2 years, change in height SDS after 1 and 2 years, HV after 1 year, HV SDS after at 1 and 4 years, change in BMI after 1 year and change in BMI SDS at 1 and 2 years showed significant correlation with adherence. No significant differences in adherence according to IGF-I levels were found in follow-up visits or between groups. Conclusions: The easypod™ electronic device, apart from being a precise and objective measure of adherence to r-hGH treatment, allows high compliance rates to be achieved over long periods of time. Adherence significantly impacts growth outcomes associated with r-hGH treatmentThis study was funded by Merck, S.L., Madrid, Spain

Implementing ARP-Path Low Latency Bridges in NetFPGA

The demo is focused on the implementation of ARP-Path (a.k.a. FastPath) bridges, a recently proposed concept for low latency bridges. ARP-Path Bridges rely on the race between broadcast ARP Request packets, to discover the minimum latency path to the destination host. Several implementations (in Omnet++, Linux, OpenFlow, NetFPGA) have shown that ARP-Path exhibits loop-freedom, does not block links, is fully transparent to hosts and neither needs a spanning tree protocol to prevent loops nor a link state protocol to obtain low latency paths. This demo compares our hardware implementation on NetFPGA to bridges running STP, showing that ARP-Path finds lower latency paths than STP

A Simple, Zero-configuration, Low Latency, Bridging Protocol

This paper describes a demo for a new type of bridges, ARP-Path bridges. These ARP-based Ethernet Switches rely on the race between ARP Request packets flooded over all links, to discover the minimum latency path to the destination host. The protocol uses all links, is loop free, uses the standard Ethernet frame format, is fully transparent to hosts and neither needs a spanning tree protocol to prevent loops nor a links state protocol to obtain minimum latency paths. Implementations in Linux and Openflow on NetFPGA show inherent robustness and fast reconfiguration. Simulation results show throughput and delay performance superior to the Spanning Tree Protocol and similar to shortest path routing, with lower complexity.Comunidad de MadridJunta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Manch